As small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey rapidly undergo digital transformation processes, cybersecurity continues to hold critical importance. With the increase in remote work models post-pandemic, the shift to e-commerce platforms, and the rise in the use of digital payment systems, SMEs have become targets for cybercriminals. According to IBM’s 2023 data, 43% of small businesses experience cyberattacks, with the average cost of these attacks being around 2.98 million dollars.
The limited resources available to SMEs compared to larger companies lead to challenges in cybersecurity. However, with the right approach and basic precautions, these businesses can protect themselves effectively. In this guide, we will explore the fundamental cybersecurity risks faced by SMEs in the digitalization process and the measures that need to be taken.
Cyber Threats Faced by SMEs During the Digitalization Process
The cyber threats that SMEs face during the digital transformation process are increasing as attackers increasingly see small businesses as easier targets. Cybercriminals prefer these businesses because they know that SMEs often have limited security budgets and lack professional cybersecurity teams.
Most Common Types of Threats
Ransomware: These types of attacks are malicious software that encrypts the data of SMEs and demands ransom. Especially small businesses in the accounting, healthcare, and education sectors are among the main targets of these attacks.
Phishing Attacks: These attacks are carried out via email, aiming to trick employees into obtaining sensitive information. The lack of adequate cybersecurity training among SME employees increases the success rate of these attacks.
Insider Threats: Attacks carried out by disgruntled employees or unauthorized individuals also pose a significant risk for SMEs.
DDoS Attacks: These attacks, faced especially by SMEs with e-commerce sites, make websites inaccessible and lead to revenue loss.
Potential Effects of Attacks
The effects of cyberattacks on SMEs are not limited to financial loss. Research shows that 60% of SMEs affected by cyberattacks cease operations within six months. The main reasons for this situation are:
- Loss of customer trust
- Cessation of operational activities
- Fines derived from legal obligations
- Disruptions in business processes due to data loss
Basic Cybersecurity Measures
The basic steps that SMEs will take in terms of cybersecurity can offer cost-effective solutions to protect against major risks. These measures can be implemented without requiring technical knowledge and are designed not to disrupt the daily operations of the business.
Strong Password Policies
Password security is one of the cornerstones of cybersecurity. The password policies that need to be implemented in SMEs are as follows:
Complex Password Requirements: Passwords should be at least 12 characters long and include uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. Predictable passwords like “123456” or “companyname123” should never be used.
Use of a Password Manager: Password managers like LastPass, 1Password, or Bitwarden allow employees to use different and strong passwords for each platform. These tools are one of the most cost-effective ways to enhance password security for SMEs.
Regular Password Change: Changing passwords for critical systems every 3-6 months minimizes the impact of potential security breaches.
Regular Software Updates
Software updates are crucial for closing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The topics SMEs should pay attention to are:
- Operating System Updates: Regularly installing security patches on Windows, macOS, and Linux systems
- Application Updates: Monitoring the latest versions of all software used
- Automatic Update Settings: Ensuring that critical security updates are automatically installed
Data Backup Strategies
An effective backup strategy is required for the business to continue operations in case of data loss:
3-2-1 Backup Rule:
- Keeping 3 copies of the data
- Storing in 2 different environments (local disk and cloud)
- Keeping 1 copy in an offline environment
Regular Backup Tests: Regularly testing the recoverability of backed-up data is of critical importance. Many businesses only realize their backup system is not functioning properly when data loss occurs.
Employee Training and Awareness
The human factor is considered the weakest link in cybersecurity. Employee training in SMEs is as important as technological solutions since a large portion of attacks is caused by human errors.
Phishing Awareness
Regular training should be provided to enable employees to recognize phishing attacks:
- Suspicious Email Clues: Unknown sender addresses, typos, urgent action requests
- Link and Attachment Security: Hovering over links in emails before clicking to check the actual address
- Verification Processes: Verifying important requests via phone calls
Social Engineering Awareness
Cybercriminals try to gather information not only by exploiting technological vulnerabilities but also by manipulating people:
- Phone Scams: Treating callers impersonating the IT support team with suspicion
- Physical Security: Controlling the entry of unfamiliar individuals into office spaces
- Information Sharing: Limiting the sharing of detailed information about the business on social media
Regular Training Programs
Training methods SMEs can implement:
- Monthly Security Bulletins: Updates about recent threats and protection methods
- Simulation Tests: Measuring employee awareness through controlled phishing tests
- Incident Reporting Culture: Creating an environment where employees can easily report suspicious situations
Technical Security Solutions
Cost-effective technical security solutions for SMBs should be selected considering the size and budget of the business. These solutions should be implemented and managed without being complex.
Firewall and Antivirus Software
Network Firewall: The fundamental security layer that protects the business’s internet connection. Suitable solutions for SMBs:
- SonicWall TZ series
- Fortinet FortiGate 40F
- WatchGuard Firebox T35
Endpoint Protection: Security software that should be installed on every computer:
- Free Options: Windows Defender, Avast Business
- Paid Options: Kaspersky Small Office Security, Bitdefender GravityZone
VPN (Virtual Private Network) Usage
With the widespread adoption of remote working models, VPN usage has become critical:
VPN Advantages:
- Data encryption in remote access
- Overcoming geographical restrictions
- Security on public Wi-Fi networks
VPN Solutions for SMBs:
- NordLayer (business use)
- ExpressVPN Business
- CyberGhost Business
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
MFA is one of the most effective methods to enhance password security:
Application Areas:
- Email systems
- Cloud storage services
- Accounting software
- Remote desktop connections
Types of MFA:
- Codes sent via SMS
- Mobile app notifications (Google Authenticator, Microsoft Authenticator)
- Physical security keys (YubiKey)
Incident Response and Recovery Plans
When cybersecurity incidents are inevitable, being prepared is critical to minimizing damage. SMBs need to have a simple but effective incident response plan.
Incident Detection and Reporting
Early Warning Signs:
- Unexpected declines in computer performance
- Presence of unknown files and programs
- Unauthorized user accounts
- Abnormalities in network traffic
Reporting Processes:
- Identification of internal reporting channels
- Notification processes within legal obligations
- Procedures for applying to cybercrime units
Response Team and Responsibilities
The incident response team in SMBs generally consists of the following roles:
- Incident Coordinator: The person managing the overall process (usually the business owner or general manager)
- Technical Officer: The person managing the IT systems
- Communications Officer: The person managing communication with customers and stakeholders
- Legal Advisor: The person coordinating legal obligations
Recovery and Prevention
The post-incident recovery process is critical to preventing future attacks:
- Root Cause Analysis: Detailed examination of how the incident occurred
- System Updates: Closing detected vulnerabilities
- Process Improvements: Updating existing security policies
- Training Updates: Revising employee training programs
Legal Compliance and KVKK
SMBs operating in Turkey have various legal obligations, notably the Personal Data Protection Law (KVKK).
KVKK Requirements
Data Controller Obligations:
- Maintaining personal data processing inventory
- Taking data security measures
- Data breach notification (72-hour rule)
- Protection of data subject rights
Technical and Administrative Measures:
- Access authorization systems
- Data encryption applications
- Regular security evaluations
- Staff training programs
Sectoral Regulations
Additional regulations for SMBs operating in certain sectors:
Financial Services: Additional security requirements within the framework of BRSA regulations Healthcare Sector: Special measures for protecting patient data E-commerce: Protection of consumer rights and payment security
Budget Planning and Cost Analysis
Factors that SMBs should consider when planning cybersecurity investments:
Basic Security Package Cost
Monthly Minimum Requirements (for an SMB with 10 employees):
- Endpoint Protection: 300-500 TL
- VPN Service: 200-400 TL
- Email Security: 150-300 TL
- Password Manager: 100-200 TL
- Total: 750-1,400 TL/month
Return on Investment (ROI)
In evaluating cybersecurity investment:
- Potential attack cost: On average 500,000-2,000,000 TL
- Security investment: Annually 10,000-20,000 TL
- ROI: Investment that pays for itself within the first year
Conclusion and Recommendations
For SMBs in the digitalization process, cybersecurity is not an optional luxury but a critical requirement for continuing operations. The basic measures discussed in this guide can be implemented without large investments and can significantly reduce the business’s risk level.
Steps to Be Taken Immediately:
- Create a strong password policy and mandate the use of a password manager
- Keep all systems updated and activate automatic update settings
- Establish a regular data backup system and test the functionality of the backups
- Initiate employee training programs and increase phishing awareness
- Implement basic technical security solutions (firewall, antivirus, VPN)
Long-Term Strategies:
- Assess your cybersecurity maturity level once a year
- Monitor sectoral threat intelligence sources
- Increase your security budget in parallel with business growth
- Consider obtaining professional security consultancy
Cybersecurity is not a one-time project but a process that requires continuous attention and investment. By starting with small steps, you can gradually adopt more comprehensive security measures and effectively protect your business against digital threats. Remember that investing in cybersecurity is one of the most important investments in the future of your business.